R34 练习: 长期负债与权益
考纲范围
- explain the financial reporting of leases from the perspectives of lessors and lessees
- explain the financial reporting of defined contribution, defined benefit, and stock-based compensation plans
- describe the financial statement presentation of and disclosures relating to long-term liabilities and share-based compensation
Q1.
Which of the following is least likely a criterion for a finance lease?
A. Ownership transfer.
B. Bargain purchase option.
C. The asset has an alternative use to the lessor.
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答案:C
解析:融资租赁(finance lease)的五个判断标准为:
- Ownership transfer(所有权转移)
- Bargain purchase option(优惠购买选择权)
- Lease term is a major part of the asset’s useful life(租期占资产使用寿命大部分)
- PV of lease payments equals or exceeds the asset’s fair value(租金现值≥资产公允价值)
- The asset has no alternative use to the lessor(资产对出租人无替代用途)
C 说”有替代用途”(has an alternative use),恰好相反。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 所有权转移是融资租赁的标准之一 B ✗ 优惠购买权是融资租赁的标准之一 C ✓ 应该是”无替代用途”,“有替代用途”不是融资租赁标准 关联:R34: 长期负债与权益
Q2.
Under GAAP, a lessee that enters into an operating lease will least likely report the:
A. lease liability on its balance sheet.
B. interest expense on its income statement.
C. full lease payment as an operating cash flow.
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答案:B
解析:US GAAP 对承租人的经营租赁(operating lease)和融资租赁(finance lease)在利润表上的处理是关键区别:
项目 经营租赁 Operating 融资租赁 Finance 资产负债表 ROU 资产 + 租赁负债 ✓ ROU 资产 + 租赁负债 ✓ 利润表 单一直线租赁费用(single lease expense) 分别报告利息费用 + 摊销费用 现金流量表 全部租赁付款 → CFO 利息 → CFO;本金 → CFF 费用前期重 否(直线法平均) 是(利息前置) 虽然内部仍按实际利率法对负债计息,但这部分利息不在利润表单独列示——它与 ROU 资产的”摊销”合并成单一的租赁费用。这正是经营租赁与融资租赁在 IS 上的最大区别。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ ASC 842 下经营租赁承租人确实报告 ROU 资产和租赁负债 B ✓ 最不可能 — 经营租赁利润表只报告单一直线租赁费用,不单独列示利息费用 C ✗ US GAAP 下经营租赁的全部租赁付款确实归为 CFO(与融资租赁拆分到 CFO/CFF 不同) ⚠️ 易错点:不要混淆”内部如何计算”与”利润表如何列示”。经营租赁的负债内部仍按实际利率法计息,但 IS 上看到的就是一个单一的 lease expense,不会单独看到 interest expense。
关联:R34: 长期负债与权益
Q3.
Which of the following statements is least likely a lease accounting exemption?
A. The term of a lease contract is 8 months under US GAAP.
B. The sales price of the leased asset is USD 5,000 under IFRS.
C. The sales price of the leased asset is USD 3,000 under US GAAP.
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答案:C
核心知识点 — 两类租赁豁免(lease accounting exemptions)
豁免类型 IFRS 16 US GAAP (ASC 842) 短期租赁 Short-term lease(开始日租期 ≤ 12 个月,且不含合理确定行使的购买选择权) ✓ 适用 ✓ 适用 低价值资产 Low-value asset(新品价值约 USD 5,000 或以下;以新资产价值为准,与折旧后金额无关) ✓ 适用 ✗ 不存在此豁免 一旦适用豁免,承租人可不确认 ROU asset / Lease liability,租金按直线法计入费用。
逐项判断
- A — 8-month lease, US GAAP:8 个月 ≤ 12 个月,属于 US GAAP 下短期租赁豁免范围 → 构成豁免 ✓
- B — USD 5,000 leased asset, IFRS:IASB 在 IFRS 16 BC100 给出的指引是新品价值 “around USD 5,000 or less”。USD 5,000 处于该指引的上限附近,且 IFRS 允许此豁免 → 构成豁免 ✓
- C — USD 3,000 leased asset, US GAAP:US GAAP 仅承认短期租赁豁免,没有任何按资产售价 / 价值豁免的规定。题干只给出售价(未给租期),单凭 USD 3,000 这一价格在 US GAAP 下无法触发任何豁免 → 不构成豁免 ✗
题干问 “least likely a lease accounting exemption”(最不像是一项租赁会计豁免),故选 C。
选项 是否构成豁免 关键理由 A ✓ US GAAP 短期租赁豁免:8 个月 ≤ 12 个月 B ✓ IFRS 低价值资产豁免:USD 5,000 在 ~USD 5,000 指引内 C ✗ US GAAP 无低价值资产豁免;售价本身不是 US GAAP 下的豁免依据 易错点
- 看到”低价值”就联想到豁免 → 错:US GAAP 完全不认这个豁免,只 IFRS 认。
- 把 IFRS 的 USD 5,000 当成”硬性门槛” → 不严谨:IFRS 16 本文未给数字,BC100 才提到 ≈ USD 5,000,且要看新资产价值。
- 短期租赁豁免在两套准则下都存在,别记反。
关联:R34: 长期负债与权益
Q4.
Compared to an operating lease, regarding lessor accounting, which following accounting figures would most likely be lower under a finance lease?
A. Depreciation expense
B. Investing cash flow
C. Operating cash flow
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答案:A
解析:对于出租人(lessor)而言:
- 经营租赁:出租人保留资产,需计提折旧费用
- 融资租赁:出租人将资产出售或从表中移除,不再计提折旧费用
因此融资租赁下折旧费用更低(甚至为零)。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 融资租赁下出租人不持有资产,折旧费用更低 B ✗ 融资租赁可能涉及投资活动现金流变化,但不一定更低 C ✗ 经营租赁收到的全部租金为 CFO,不一定比融资租赁更高 关联:R34: 长期负债与权益
Q5.
Which of the following share-based compensation will increase the actual shares outstanding if the right holders exercise their right?
A. Stock grant.
B. Stock appreciation rights.
C. Phantom stock.
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答案:A
解析:
- Stock grant(股票授予):授予实际股票,行权时增加流通股数
- Stock appreciation rights(股票增值权,SARs):以现金结算股价增值部分,不增加股数
- Phantom stock(虚拟股票):模拟股票表现以现金结算,不增加股数
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 股票授予发行真实股票,增加流通股数 B ✗ SARs 以现金结算,不增加流通股数 C ✗ 虚拟股票以现金结算,不增加流通股数 关联:R34: 长期负债与权益
Q6.
The closing projected benefit obligation at the end of the year 2021 is $11,405.05. Given the fair value of the pension assets at year-end 2021 of $10,888, Youth Inc. should report a net pension:
A. asset of $517.05. B. liability of $517.05. C. liability of $11,405.05.
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答案:B
解析:
计算过程:
Net pension = Fair value of plan assets - Projected benefit obligation = $10,888 - $11,405.05 = -$517.05
负数表示养老金义务大于资产,应报告为净养老金负债 $517.05。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ PBO > Plan assets,应报告负债而非资产 B ✓ 净养老金负债 = $11,405.05 - $10,888 = $517.05 C ✗ $11,405.05 是总 PBO,不是净负债 关联:R34: 长期负债与权益
Q7.
Under U.S. GAAP, to account for the retroactive benefits of employees when a defined benefit plan is amended, companies should:
A. recognize an expense immediately in the income statement.
B. recognize a cost in other comprehensive income and amortize it over future service periods.
C. ignore the impact of past employment.
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答案:B
解析:在 US GAAP 下,当确定收益计划被修改时,追溯福利(past service cost)应先确认在其他综合收益(OCI)中,然后在员工未来服务期间内摊销至利润表。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ US GAAP 下不是立即确认为费用,而是先进OCI B ✓ 先计入OCI,再在未来服务期间摊销 C ✗ 不能忽略过去服务的影响 关联:R34: 长期负债与权益
Q8.
Which of the following equity instruments related to share-based compensation is least likely required to disclose the weighted average fair value of those equity instruments at the measurement date?
A. Stock grant.
B. Share options.
C. Stock appreciation rights.
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答案:B
解析:股票期权(share options)不需要披露计量日的加权平均公允价值,因为期权的公允价值通常通过定价模型(如 Black-Scholes)估计,而非直接加权平均。Stock grants 和 SARs 需要披露。
答案页显示此 LOS 答案为 B B B,所以此题答案为 B。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 股票授予需要披露加权平均公允价值 B ✓ 股票期权最不可能需要披露加权平均公允价值 C ✗ SARs 需要披露相关公允价值信息 关联:R34: 长期负债与权益
Q9.
Which of the following lessor disclosure is least likely required?
A. Additional qualitative and quantitative information about its leasing activities.
B. Depreciation charges for right-of-use assets.
C. Explanation of significant changes in the carrying amount of finance leases.
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答案:B
解析:使用权资产的折旧费用(depreciation charges for right-of-use assets)是承租人(lessee)的披露要求,不是出租人(lessor)的披露要求。出租人需要披露租赁活动的定性和定量信息(A)以及融资租赁账面价值的重大变化说明(C)。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 出租人需要披露租赁活动的额外信息 B ✓ 使用权资产折旧是承租人的披露,不是出租人的 C ✗ 出租人需要解释融资租赁账面价值的重大变化 关联:R34: 长期负债与权益
Q10.
Which of the following statements regarding the presentation and disclosure of post-employment plans is least likely correct?
A. Disclosures for defined contribution and defined benefit pension plans are typically included in footnotes.
B. For defined benefit plans, IAS requires the company to simply disclose the amount recognized on the income statement.
C. Regulators can require more extensive disclosures for post-employment plans.
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答案:B
解析:
- A 正确:养老金计划的披露通常包含在财务报表附注中
- B 错误:IAS 对确定收益计划的披露要求不仅仅是披露利润表中确认的金额,还要求更详细的信息(如PBO变化、计划资产变化、精算假设等)
- C 正确:监管机构可以要求更广泛的退休后计划披露
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 养老金披露确实通常在附注中 B ✓ IAS 对 DB 计划的披露要求远不止利润表金额 C ✗ 监管机构确实可以要求更广泛的披露 关联:R34: 长期负债与权益