R85 练习: 组合管理概览
考纲范围
- Describe the portfolio approach to investing. 描述:投资组合方法
- Describe the steps in the portfolio management process. 描述:投资组合管理过程中的步骤
- Describe types of investors and distinctive characteristics and needs of each. 描述:投资者的类型,独特特征和需求
- Describe defined contribution and defined benefit pension plans. 描述:固定缴款养老金计划和固定收益养老金计划
- Describe aspects of the asset management industry. 描述:资产管理行业
- Describe mutual funds and compare them with other pooled investment products. 描述:共同基金;比较:共同基金和其他集合投资产品
Q1.
Compared to investing in a single security, which of the following best reflects the benefits that portfolio diversification offers investors the opportunity to achieve?
A. Downside risk protection.
B. Enhance the expected rate of return.
C. Reduce the volatility of returns.
查看答案与解析
答案:C
解析:投资组合分散化的核心好处是降低收益的波动性(即降低风险),而非提高预期收益或提供下行风险保护。通过将资金分配到不完全相关的资产中,组合的整体波动性低于单个证券的波动性。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 分散化并不能保证下行保护,特别是在市场极端时期 B ✗ 分散化主要降低风险,不一定提高预期回报 C ✓ 分散化的核心优势是降低收益的波动性(减少非系统性风险)
Q2.
When it comes to protecting against losses, portfolio diversification is least likely to protect in which of the following scenarios?
A. When the correlation of portfolio returns is close to zero.
B. When the economy and markets are operating normally.
C. During times of severe market turmoil.
查看答案与解析
答案:C
解析:在极端市场动荡时期,各类资产之间的相关性往往会急剧上升(趋近于1),导致分散化效果大幅减弱。这被称为”相关性崩溃”或”传染效应”。在正常市场条件下和相关性较低时,分散化效果较好。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 相关性接近零时,分散化效果良好 B ✗ 正常市场条件下,分散化能有效降低风险 C ✓ 极端市场动荡时,资产相关性急升,分散化保护最弱
Q3.
Which of the following is likely to be regarded as an appropriate schedule for reviewing and updating an investment policy statement?
A. No need for regular intervals.
B. When there is a significant change in the client’s objectives.
C. When the fund has recently performed poorly in terms of returns.
查看答案与解析
答案:B
解析:投资政策声明(IPS)应定期审查,更重要的是,当客户的目标或约束条件发生重大变化时应及时更新。基金业绩不佳本身不是更新 IPS 的充分理由,因为 IPS 是基于长期目标而非短期业绩。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ IPS 需要定期审查和更新 B ✓ 客户目标或约束发生重大变化时应更新 IPS C ✗ 短期业绩不佳不是更新 IPS 的适当理由
Q4.
With respect to the portfolio management process, which of the following is most likely to be included in the execution step?
A. Analyzing securities
B. Identifying constraints
C. Rebalancing portfolio
查看答案与解析
答案:A
解析:组合管理过程分为三个步骤:规划(Planning)、执行(Execution)和反馈(Feedback)。执行步骤包括:确定目标资产配置、证券分析(analyzing securities)、组合构建和交易执行。识别约束条件属于规划步骤,再平衡属于反馈步骤。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 证券分析属于执行步骤 B ✗ 识别约束条件属于规划步骤 C ✗ 再平衡属于反馈步骤
Q5.
Regarding the portfolio management process, performance evaluation and reporting is most likely to occur during:
A. the execution step.
B. the feedback step.
C. the planning step.
查看答案与解析
答案:B
解析:反馈步骤包括两个主要活动:(1) 组合监控和再平衡;(2) 绩效评估和报告。绩效评估和报告是对执行结果的回顾和评价,属于反馈阶段。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 执行步骤包括资产配置、证券分析和交易执行 B ✓ 绩效评估和报告属于反馈步骤 C ✗ 规划步骤包括理解客户目标、制定 IPS
Q6.
Low-risk tolerance and high liquidity needs are most likely to characterize the investment needs of a(n):
A. insurance company.
B. foundation.
C. defined benefit pension plan.
查看答案与解析
答案:A
解析:保险公司(尤其是财产和意外险公司)需要保持高流动性以应对随时可能发生的理赔,且其风险承受能力较低。DB 养老金计划时间期限长、流动性需求低、风险承受力高。基金会时间期限长、流动性需求低、风险承受力高。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 保险公司风险承受力低、流动性需求高 B ✗ 基金会风险承受力高、流动性需求低 C ✗ DB 养老金计划风险承受力高、流动性需求低
Q7.
Which of the following companies would have the greatest liquidity needs in general?
A. Bank
B. Pension fund
C. Private Equity
查看答案与解析
答案:A
解析:银行的时间期限短、流动性需求高(需要满足存款提取和短期借贷)、风险承受力低。养老基金时间期限长、流动性需求低。私募股权投资期限长、流动性需求低。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 银行需要高流动性以满足存款提取等短期需求 B ✗ 养老基金流动性需求低 C ✗ 私募股权流动性需求低,投资期限长
Q8.
Among the following institutional investors, which one is expected to have the longest time horizon for investment?
A. Foundation.
B. Life insurance company.
C. Defined benefit pension plan.
查看答案与解析
答案:A
解析:基金会(foundation)和捐赠基金(endowment)通常具有永久存续的时间期限,是所有机构投资者中投资期限最长的。DB 养老金计划期限长但有限(取决于参与者的退休年龄)。寿险公司期限长但受保单期限约束。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 基金会通常具有永久存续的投资期限 B ✗ 寿险公司期限长但受保单约束 C ✗ DB 养老金计划期限长但有限
Q9.
Compared with a defined benefit (DB) pension plan, a defined contribution pension plan can be described as:
A. the employee accepts the investment risk and rewards.
B. the employer obligates to pay the specified amount to their employees after their retirements.
C. the employer makes investment decisions.
查看答案与解析
答案:A
解析:固定缴款计划(DC plan)中,雇主只承诺定期缴纳固定金额,投资风险和收益由员工承担。员工自己做出投资决策并承担投资结果。相比之下,DB 计划中雇主承诺支付确定的退休金额,投资风险由雇主承担。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ DC 计划中,员工承担投资风险和收益 B ✗ 这描述的是 DB 计划(雇主承诺支付确定金额) C ✗ DC 计划中投资决策由员工做出
Q10.
In a defined benefit pension plan, which of the following factors is least likely to be considered when a company determines its periodic payments?
A. Employee’s contribution
B. Employee’s years of service
C. Employee’s salary near retirement
查看答案与解析
答案:A
解析:DB 计划的退休金通常基于员工的工作年限和退休前薪资计算。员工的缴款金额不是 DB 计划确定定期支付的主要因素(DB 计划的风险由雇主承担,退休金金额由公式确定,与员工缴款无关)。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 员工缴款不是 DB 计划确定支付额的关键因素 B ✗ 工作年限是 DB 计划计算退休金的重要因素 C ✗ 退休前薪资是 DB 计划计算退休金的重要因素
Q11.
With respect to asset managers, which of the following statements is most likely correct?
A. Asset managers are often referred to as buy-side firms.
B. Asset managers only provide active management services.
C. Asset managers cannot invest in hedge fund, private equity, or other alternative investments.
查看答案与解析
答案:A
解析:资产管理公司通常被称为买方(buy-side)公司,因为它们代表客户购买证券。资产管理公司既提供主动管理也提供被动管理服务,且可以投资对冲基金、私募股权等另类投资。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 资产管理公司是典型的买方(buy-side)公司 B ✗ 资产管理公司同时提供主动和被动管理服务 C ✗ 资产管理公司可以投资另类投资产品
Q12.
Which of the following statements is not the trend in the asset management industry?
A. Growth of active investing.
B. Use of “Big Data” in the investment process.
C. Robo-advisers in the wealth management industry.
查看答案与解析
答案:A
解析:资产管理行业的趋势包括:被动投资的增长(而非主动投资)、大数据在投资过程中的应用、智能投顾(robo-advisers)的兴起。近年来资金持续从主动管理流向被动管理(如指数基金和 ETF)。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 行业趋势是被动投资增长,而非主动投资增长 B ✗ 大数据应用是行业趋势 C ✗ 智能投顾是行业趋势
Q13.
Which of the following pooled investments has the highest liquidity need to meet daily redemptions?
A. Open-end funds
B. Closed-end funds
C. Private equity funds
查看答案与解析
答案:A
解析:开放式基金(open-end funds)允许投资者每日赎回,因此需要保持最高的流动性以满足日常赎回需求。封闭式基金在交易所交易,不需要满足赎回。私募股权基金有锁定期,流动性需求最低。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 开放式基金需要每日满足赎回,流动性需求最高 B ✗ 封闭式基金在交易所交易,不处理赎回 C ✗ 私募股权基金有锁定期,流动性需求低
Q14.
Compared to close-end mutual funds, open-end mutual funds are typically
A. traded like equity shares.
B. redeemed by investors at net asset value (NAV).
C. fully invested by a portfolio management firm.
查看答案与解析
答案:B
解析:开放式基金允许投资者按净资产价值(NAV)赎回份额。封闭式基金像股票一样在交易所交易,价格可能偏离NAV。开放式基金由于需要保持流动性以满足赎回,通常不会满仓投资。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 这是封闭式基金的特征,像股票一样交易 B ✓ 开放式基金按 NAV 赎回是其核心特征 C ✗ 开放式基金需要保持部分现金以应对赎回,不会满仓
Q15.
Bombard Capital Fund allocates 80% of its investment into 90-day Treasury Bills. Based on the allocation, Bombard Capital Fund is most likely a:
A. money market fund.
B. hedge fund.
C. private equity fund.
查看答案与解析
答案:A
解析:货币市场基金主要投资于短期、高质量的固定收益工具,如国库券(Treasury Bills)、商业票据等。将 80% 投资于 90 天国库券符合货币市场基金的特征。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 大量投资于短期国库券是货币市场基金的典型特征 B ✗ 对冲基金通常使用更复杂的策略 C ✗ 私募股权基金投资于非上市公司
Q16.
Different forms of pooled investment are subject to different levels of regulations. Which of the following pooled investments faces the most severe regulation?
A. Closed-end funds
B. Hedge funds
C. Private equity funds
查看答案与解析
答案:A
解析:封闭式基金是公开交易的投资产品,面向一般公众,因此受到最严格的监管。对冲基金和私募股权基金面向合格投资者,受到较少的监管。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 封闭式基金是公开交易产品,监管最严格 B ✗ 对冲基金面向合格投资者,监管较宽松 C ✗ 私募股权基金面向合格投资者,监管较宽松