R41 练习: 市场有效性
考纲范围
- describe market efficiency and related concepts, including their importance to investment practitioners
- contrast market value and intrinsic value
- explain factors that affect a market’s efficiency
- contrast weak-form, semi-strong-form, and strong-form market efficiency
- explain the implications of each form of market efficiency for fundamental analysis, technical analysis, and the choice between active and passive portfolio management
- describe market anomalies
- describe behavioral finance and its potential relevance to understanding market anomalies
Q1.
An efficient market exhibits that:
A. intrinsic value is greater than market value.
B. intrinsic value is equal to market value.
C. intrinsic value is lower than market value.
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答案:B
解析:在有效市场中,市场价格反映了所有相关信息,因此内在价值等于市场价值。如果内在价值大于或小于市场价值,意味着市场存在定价错误。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 内在价值大于市场价值说明被低估,市场无效 B ✓ 有效市场中内在价值等于市场价值 C ✗ 内在价值低于市场价值说明被高估,市场无效 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q2.
Which of the following statements is least accurate regarding an informationally efficient market?
A. Market prices can reflect intrinsic values.
B. An active investment strategy is preferred to a passive investment strategy.
C. Prices react only to the “unexpected” information.
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答案:B
解析:在信息有效市场中,市场价格反映内在价值(A正确),价格只对”意外”信息做出反应(C正确)。但在有效市场中,被动投资策略优于主动投资策略,因为主动策略无法持续获得超额收益(B错误)。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 有效市场中价格确实反映内在价值 B ✓ 有效市场中被动策略优于主动策略 C ✗ 有效市场中价格只对意外信息反应 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q3.
Which of the following is the most accurate measure of value if investors have a complete understanding of asset’s investment characteristics?
A. Arbitrage value
B. Intrinsic value
C. Market value
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答案:B
解析:如果投资者完全理解资产的投资特征,他们能够准确估计资产的内在价值(intrinsic value)。内在价值是基于对资产所有相关信息的完整理解。市场价值可能偏离内在价值,套利价值不是独立的价值衡量标准。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 套利价值不是对资产价值的全面衡量 B ✓ 完全理解投资特征时能准确估计内在价值 C ✗ 市场价值可能偏离真实价值 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q4.
An analysist estimates that the intrinsic value of a stock exceeds the market value of it. According to his estimation, this stock is probably:
A. overvalued.
B. undervalued.
C. fairly valued.
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答案:B
解析:当分析师估计的内在价值高于市场价值时,说明该股票被低估(undervalued)。投资者应该买入被低估的股票。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 高估是内在价值低于市场价值 B ✓ 内在价值 > 市场价值 = 被低估 C ✗ 合理估值是内在价值等于市场价值 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q5.
Which of the following factors would lead to an improvement on market efficiency?
A. Number of participants decreases.
B. Restrictions on arbitrage are removed.
C. Information is less available.
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答案:B
解析:移除套利限制会提高市场效率,因为套利者可以更容易地纠正价格偏差。参与者减少(A)和信息不易获取(C)都会降低市场效率。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 参与者减少会降低市场效率 B ✓ 移除套利限制会提高市场效率 C ✗ 信息不易获取会降低市场效率 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q6.
Regarding factors that influence market efficiency, which of the following statement is most accurate?
A. Lower information-acquisition costs may impede market efficiency.
B. Restriction on arbitrage will improve market efficiency.
C. The larger the number of financial analysts, the more efficient the market will be.
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答案:C
解析:更多的金融分析师意味着更多的市场参与者分析信息,这会提高市场效率。较低的信息获取成本会提高(而非阻碍)市场效率(A错误)。套利限制会降低(而非提高)市场效率(B错误)。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 较低的信息获取成本会提高市场效率 B ✗ 套利限制会降低市场效率 C ✓ 更多分析师参与会提高市场效率 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q7.
When the market is strong-form efficient:
A. security prices reflect past market data only.
B. security prices only reflect past and public information, but not private information.
C. security prices reflect all past, public and private information.
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答案:C
解析:强式有效市场中,证券价格反映所有信息,包括历史信息、公开信息和私有信息。A描述的是弱式有效,B描述的是半强式有效。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 仅反映历史信息是弱式有效 B ✗ 反映历史和公开信息是半强式有效 C ✓ 强式有效反映所有信息(含私有信息) 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q8.
Warren initialized a free cash flow valuation model for Alibaba, expecting to explore positive alpha. The market is most likely identified as:
A. semi-strong-form inefficient market.
B. semi-strong-form efficient market.
C. strong-form efficient market.
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答案:A
解析:Warren使用自由现金流估值模型(基本面分析)期望获得正alpha。如果基本面分析能获得超额收益,说明市场不是半强式有效。这意味着市场是半强式无效的(semi-strong-form inefficient)。
选项 判断 解析 A ✓ 基本面分析能获利说明市场是半强式无效 B ✗ 半强式有效市场中基本面分析无法获得超额收益 C ✗ 强式有效市场中任何分析都无法获得超额收益 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q9.
Consider the semi-strong form efficient market, which of the following statements is least accurate?
A. The semi-strong form encompasses the weak form.
B. Securities prices reflect all public information.
C. Fundamental analysts can consistently earn abnormal profits.
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答案:C
解析:在半强式有效市场中,价格反映所有公开信息,因此基本面分析无法持续获得异常利润(C错误)。半强式有效包含弱式有效(A正确),证券价格反映所有公开信息(B正确)。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 半强式确实包含弱式有效 B ✗ 半强式中价格确实反映所有公开信息 C ✓ 半强式有效市场中基本面分析无法持续获利 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q10.
John is a portfolio manager who mainly uses technical analysis to choose stock. If he is able to consistently gain abnormal profits, the market is said to be:
A. weak-form efficient.
B. semi-strong form efficient.
C. weak-form inefficient.
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答案:C
解析:技术分析基于历史市场数据。如果技术分析能持续获得异常利润,说明市场甚至不是弱式有效的,即市场是弱式无效的(weak-form inefficient)。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 弱式有效市场中技术分析无法获利 B ✗ 半强式有效包含弱式,技术分析也无法获利 C ✓ 技术分析能获利说明市场是弱式无效 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q11.
In an efficient financial market, which of the following statements about the roles of the portfolio manager is least likely correct?
A. Portfolio managers can help establish portfolio risk and return objectives.
B. Portfolio managers can earn abnormal returns.
C. Portfolio managers can help diversify portfolios.
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答案:B
解析:在有效市场中,投资组合经理无法持续获得异常收益(B错误)。但他们仍有价值:帮助建立风险和收益目标(A正确)、帮助分散投资组合(C正确)、以及根据客户需求进行税务规划等。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 经理可以帮助建立风险收益目标 B ✓ 有效市场中经理无法获得异常收益 C ✗ 经理可以帮助分散投资组合 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q12.
If the market is semi-strong form efficient, compared with a passively managed fund, an actively managed fund will most likely:
A. outperform.
B. underperform.
C. have same return.
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答案:B
解析:在半强式有效市场中,主动管理基金无法通过分析公开信息获得超额收益。由于主动管理的费用更高(研究成本、交易成本等),主动管理基金在扣除费用后将表现不如被动管理基金。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 半强式有效市场中主动管理无法超越 B ✓ 由于更高的费用,主动管理基金表现较差 C ✗ 由于费用差异,回报不会相同 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q13.
An investor believes the market is weak form efficiency, he could make abnormal returns consistently by:
A. active investment based on technical analysis.
B. active investment based on fundamental analysis.
C. passive investment.
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答案:B
解析:在弱式有效市场中,历史价格信息已反映在股价中,技术分析无效(A不行)。但公开信息可能未完全反映在价格中,因此基本面分析可能获得异常收益(B正确)。被动投资不追求异常收益(C不行)。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 弱式有效中技术分析无法获利 B ✓ 弱式有效中基本面分析可能获得超额收益 C ✗ 被动投资不追求异常收益 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q14.
It is observed that small-cap stocks tend to outperform large-cap stocks on a risk-adjusted basis. This anomaly is called:
A. time-series anomaly.
B. cross-sectional anomaly.
C. earnings surprise.
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答案:B
解析:小盘股在风险调整后倾向于跑赢大盘股,这是规模效应(size effect),属于横截面异象(cross-sectional anomaly)。横截面异象是不同股票之间的系统性差异。时间序列异象是基于时间模式的异常。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 时间序列异象基于时间模式(如一月效应) B ✓ 规模效应属于横截面异象 C ✗ 盈余惊喜是另一种异象类型 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q15.
Edward Danton observes that the returns of stocks in the rest of the months are considerably lower compared to January. Which of the following is least likely to explain this effect?
A. Tax-loss selling
B. Window dressing
C. Investors simply have more money to invest.
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答案:C
解析:一月效应(January effect)的解释包括:年末税务亏损卖出(tax-loss selling,A)导致年初反弹;基金年末粉饰业绩(window dressing,B)。“投资者有更多钱投资”(C)不是一月效应的合理解释。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 税务亏损卖出是一月效应的常见解释 B ✗ 粉饰业绩是一月效应的解释之一 C ✓ “有更多钱投资”不是一月效应的合理解释 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q16.
Which of the following options is not correlated with cross-sectional anomalies?
A. Size effect
B. Value effect
C. Momentum effect
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答案:C
解析:横截面异象包括规模效应(size effect,A)和价值效应(value effect,B)。动量效应(momentum effect,C)属于时间序列异象(time-series anomaly),不属于横截面异象。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 规模效应是横截面异象 B ✗ 价值效应是横截面异象 C ✓ 动量效应属于时间序列异象 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q17.
Phillips describes himself as “rational investor”. However, once the value of his stocks declines, he always tends to hold on losers too long but sell winners too quickly, and take excessive risk in the hope of recovering. This overreaction behavior can be explained by:
A. herding behavior
B. loss aversion
C. risk aversion
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答案:B
解析:损失厌恶(loss aversion)是指投资者对损失的痛苦大于等额收益的快乐,导致:持有亏损头寸过久(不愿确认损失)、过快卖出盈利头寸(锁定收益)、为了挽回损失而承担过度风险。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 羊群行为是跟随他人投资决策 B ✓ 损失厌恶导致持有亏损过久、卖出盈利过快 C ✗ 风险厌恶是理性行为,不解释过度反应 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q18.
Which of the following could not explain the observed overreactions in market?
A. Herding
B. Loss aversion
C. Narrow framing
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答案:C
解析:市场过度反应可以用羊群行为(herding,A)和损失厌恶(loss aversion,B)解释。狭隘框架(narrow framing,C)是指投资者将投资决策孤立看待,不考虑整体投资组合,它不直接解释市场过度反应。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 羊群行为可以解释市场过度反应 B ✗ 损失厌恶可以解释市场过度反应 C ✓ 狭隘框架不直接解释市场过度反应 关联:R41: 市场有效性
Q19.
Among the following types of behavior finance, which might be consistent with rationality?
A. Herding
B. Representativeness
C. Information cascade
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答案:C
解析:信息瀑布(information cascade)可能与理性一致,因为投资者基于他人的行为推断信息(如果他人有更好的信息)。羊群行为(A)和代表性偏差(B)通常被视为非理性行为。
选项 判断 解析 A ✗ 羊群行为通常被视为非理性 B ✗ 代表性偏差是认知偏差,非理性 C ✓ 信息瀑布可能与理性决策一致 关联:R41: 市场有效性